New Vaccine for Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Strain 2 (RHDV2)
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), also known as rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease (VHD), is a highly contagious and potentially fatal viral infection affecting rabbits across the UK. Both wild and domestic rabbits can be affected by RHD, which is caused by a calicivirus. This disease often progresses rapidly, sometimes killing rabbits within just two days of exposure, often with no clear symptoms beforehand. This alarming speed and severity make it a significant concern for pet rabbit owners.
Historically, the UK had a vaccine available to protect against the original RHDV strain (commonly called VHD1). While effective against that strain, this vaccine does not protect rabbits from a newer variant which has emerged in recent years: RHDV strain 2 or RHDV2.
Veterinary experts confirmed the presence of this second strain in the UK during the late 2010s, and in response, a new vaccine targeting RHDV2 was introduced in 2018. As of 2025, a more recent highly virulent strain of RHDV2 has been identified, prompting updated vaccination recommendations to ensure full protection for pet rabbits in the UK.
Understanding How Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Spreads
RHDV spreads extremely easily among rabbits, especially those living in close proximity. Transmission can occur through direct contact with infected rabbits—who may appear healthy but are contagious—or through contact with infected droppings or urine. Contaminated food and water bowls, as well as human hands and clothing, can also play a role in spreading the virus between rabbits.
While it is suspected that insects may contribute to the spread of the virus, this is not yet confirmed. The virus itself is resilient, capable of surviving for over six months in the environment without a host. This longevity further underscores the importance of preventive measures to keep rabbits safe.
Given the difficulty in completely preventing exposure—especially considering wild rabbits as a reservoir—vaccination remains the most effective tool to protect pet rabbits from this unpredictable and deadly disease.
How Vaccination Protects Rabbits Against RHDV and RHDV2
Vaccines work by stimulating a rabbit’s immune system to build protection against specific viral strains. They do this by introducing a safe, inactivated form of the virus, which mimics infection but does not cause illness. This helps the rabbit’s body develop antibodies ready to fight the real virus if exposed in the future.
Vaccinated rabbits are significantly less likely to contract the disease. In the uncommon cases where vaccinated rabbits do become infected, symptoms are typically milder, and the chance of survival improves.
Do Current Vaccines Fully Protect Your Rabbit?
Most pet rabbits in the UK have historically received the vaccine protecting against RHDV strain 1 (VHD1) during their annual booster vaccinations. However, this vaccine offers no protection against RHDV2, the newer and increasingly prevalent strain.
If your rabbit has only received the VHD1 vaccine, they remain vulnerable to RHDV2. Complete protection requires vaccination against both strains.
In 2025, a new vaccine covering a highly virulent RHDV2 strain has been introduced to address recent virus evolution. This vaccine is recommended in addition to existing vaccines to provide broad and effective protection.
Updated Vaccination Recommendations for RHDV2 in the UK
Consult Your Vet: Speak with your rabbit's veterinarian to confirm which vaccines your rabbit has received and to discuss an updated vaccination plan tailored for your pet.
Biannual Vaccination: Experts now recommend that all pet rabbits receive two vaccinations yearly, spaced at least two weeks apart, to protect against the highly virulent strain of RHDV2 as well as other diseases like myxomatosis and classical RHDV.
Use the New RHDV2 Vaccine: From December 2024, vets have been able to offer a vaccine specifically targeting the highly virulent strain of RHDV2 currently circulating in the UK.
Timely Boosters: If your rabbit’s vaccination status is overdue, especially if more than a year has passed since the last dose, arrange booster vaccinations promptly to reduce risk.
Maintain Good Biosecurity: Alongside vaccination, practise good hygiene and minimise contact between your rabbits and wild populations or other unfamiliar rabbits to lower the chance of exposure.
What You Can Do to Protect Your Pet Rabbit
Given that wild rabbits and environmental contamination remain sources of infection, vaccination is your best protection. Regularly renewing your rabbit’s vaccinations according to current veterinary advice is critical.
Always ensure vaccines are administered by qualified vets and keep detailed vaccination records.
Additional safety precautions include isolating new rabbits before introducing them to established pets, regular cleaning of hutches and feeding equipment, and avoiding contact between your rabbit and potentially infected wild animals.
Conclusion: Protecting Your Rabbit from RHDV2 in 2025
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease remains a severe risk for pet rabbits in the UK. The discovery of highly virulent RHDV2 strains and recent vaccine updates highlight the need for vigilance and proactive care by responsible pet owners.
Your vet can guide you on the most effective vaccination schedule, including newly available vaccines covering emerging virus variants.
Alongside vaccination, maintaining excellent hygiene and biosecurity is essential to give your rabbit the best possible chance of a long and healthy life.
